這本書是自然文學的經典,好老的一本書, 非常偉大,流傳永遠.
半世紀前作者就以注意到農藥,DDT 殺蟲劑對自然環境的危害,直接間接影響人,動,植物的健康與生存, 影響長遠不可逆.
人也沒有正確的認識環境, 也用錯了施灑農業的方法,
灑太多, 太濃,太大面積.
施藥的工法和計畫也沒有被檢討, 使環境遭到汙染,
進而污染食物鏈, 間接都影響人的健康.
生物是一個系統, 不能單以化學方法解決, 需以生物平衡的觀點, 環環相扣.
人只要適度調整讓人方便即可,不需要大規模便動自然環境,
造成生太大幅改變
觀念要改 ,方法要對.
不要以人為中心, 要尊重大自然.
這本書很偉大, 結合文學寫作,自然觀察和科學研究.
經典好書
2018/05/26
2012/09/28
小檔案-VOC─揮發性有機物
2012-09-29 01:48
中國時報【侯俐安】
清華大學化工系教授凌永健表示,工業用油漆塗料大多有含揮發性有機物質(VOC),主要是將顏色溶於揮發性有機溶劑中,塗佈後會自然揮發,可減少油漆使用量與成本,一般聞到刺鼻味道即是含VOC塗料。
目前室內油漆已較少使用,替代方式可改為使用水溶性油漆,成本較貴卻降低人體傷害,開發案使用技術可以克服。
林口長庚醫院臨床毒物科主任林杰樑表示,VOC為戶外空氣汙染源之一,包含甲烷、苯、甲苯等致癌物,人體長期暴露有害腦神經級肝腎建康。
中國時報【侯俐安】
清華大學化工系教授凌永健表示,工業用油漆塗料大多有含揮發性有機物質(VOC),主要是將顏色溶於揮發性有機溶劑中,塗佈後會自然揮發,可減少油漆使用量與成本,一般聞到刺鼻味道即是含VOC塗料。
目前室內油漆已較少使用,替代方式可改為使用水溶性油漆,成本較貴卻降低人體傷害,開發案使用技術可以克服。
林口長庚醫院臨床毒物科主任林杰樑表示,VOC為戶外空氣汙染源之一,包含甲烷、苯、甲苯等致癌物,人體長期暴露有害腦神經級肝腎建康。
2012/08/29
纽约时报:外国人因社会变迁逐渐离开中国
2012年08月28日
[导读]
不光“永远无法成为中国人”的老外开始考虑离开中国,就是中国人自己也纷纷开始移民海外
前不久,一位长期居住在中国,娶了中国太太,并在中国生意很成功的英国人Mark Kitto在英文媒体上发表了一篇题为《你永远不可能成为中国人——为什么我要离开我热爱的中国?》的文章。他在文中说,在中国学习工作居住了近十多年后,中国的变化让他最终决定要带全家离开中国。像他这样热爱中国却要离开的洋人不止一个。
不光“永远无法成为中国人”的老外开始考虑离开中国,就是中国人自己也纷纷开始移民海外。
三十年的经济改革发展, 使不少人得益, 整体国民生活水平比三十年前大有提高。同时,原有的以国家为主导的现代化发展模式和制度机制越来越受到各种阶层和利益集团的质疑甚至挑战。每个阶层都有自己的不满, 都认为政府对自己的照顾不够,不满越来越多 。
这不光是草根的弱势群体和城市中产阶级,甚至既得利益集团和富人们也对现有的社会契约越来越没有信心。 对于前者来说,眼前的不公平是最大的不满,而表达不满的方式是个体和群体的上访、抗议。对于后者来说,最大的担忧莫过于未来的不确定性, 而表达没信心的一个方式是用脚投票——“跑路”。
不确定性还在于中国社会中潜规则盛行,正式规则反而常被扭曲。政府部门行政的随意性很强。改革三十多年,行政改革也进行了很多轮,但人们还是对政府没信心,不信任。
Mark Kitto在莫干山隐居,经营咖啡馆和家庭旅馆,同时也办畅销杂志。 他说他每到三年更新经营许可时候都要提心吊胆, 不知道什么时候地方政府就会拒绝重新发证。对于生意人来说, 这种费钱、费时、劳神甚至不稳定的投资经营环境是他们所头疼的。
令人不满意甚至“跑路”的还有经济高速发展下的社会环境。 经过了三十年的发展,中国人的物质生活水平大大提高了。但同时带来的一个后果是一切向钱看的“唯物主义”。 这是一个物欲横流的社会,这里的高速发展是以环境破坏、质量低下为代价的。富于物质,贫于精神生活, 缺乏道德观、价值观。
在调查为什么中国人想移民海外时,常常提到的还有孩子的教育。这跟中国的教育体制有很大关系。在中国, 受教育的机会仍然是不富足的甚至是贫乏的,还有很多孩子因为经济和体制等原因无法得到教育 。学校的质量和教育方式也使很多家长对孩子的教育前景担忧。Kitto批评中国的中小学教育不是学习知识,而是学习如何考试。 这虽然有些夸张,但也切中要害。高等教育虽然经过十几年的扩招,考生每年还是要为了进大学, 拼命准备高考。大学的教学质量并没有像学生数量那样增高。这也是为什么为了孩子教育很多人宁可花大钱把孩子送到国外, 甚至自己移民海外的重要原因。
此外,涉及生活品质的环境污染、食品质量、交通拥堵等等的现代化副产品也使很多中国人和在华居住的外国人产生离念
2012/08/10
灰霾将取代吸烟成肺癌首因
广州气象专家称灰霾将取代吸烟成肺癌首因
2011/11/26 13:30 来自:每日经济新闻-最新新闻
今年10月以来,南京连续多天出现了灰霾天气,严重影响了居民的日常生活,也让一个专业性很强的词汇“PM2.5”进入公众视野。昨天,由环境保护部和江苏省政府联合举办的“2011中国(南京)国际环保产业博览会”在南京举行,其中还以“蓝天工程”国际论坛为主题,邀请国内外专家共同为PM2.5问诊。
>>到底什么是PM2.5?
【很复杂,是尾气泥尘等等的化学物理反应】
这几年,以PM2.5浓度为代表的“超细灰尘”污染,已经取代了早期以二氧化硫、氮氧化物、PM10粗粒子为代表的一次污染阶段,南京等地早已相继进入了更加复杂的大气复合污染时代。可空气中这些“超细灰尘”,肉眼根本看不到,它们是谁?又是从哪里来的呢?经过研究,北京大学唐孝炎院士发现,PM2.5主要来自机动车尾气尘、燃油尘、硫酸盐、餐饮油烟尘、建筑水泥尘、煤烟尘和硝酸盐等。
这些污染物在空气中不是简单叠加,而是彼此之间不断进行化学、物理反应,使得污染变得十分复杂。唐孝炎研究发现,PM2.5中有机物、硫酸根粒子、硝酸根粒子等均属二次气溶胶。“二次气溶胶‘贡献’超过50%,是PM2.5的主要组成成分”。
>>PM2.5到底有何危害?
【严重灰霾污染七年后就会现肺癌高峰】
广州气象专家吴兑经过多年研究发现,灰霾与肺癌有着“七年之痒”,即出现灰霾严重的年份后,相隔七年就会出现肺癌高发期。
空气中的PM2.5吸入人体后,经过人体的循环系统,最终会进入血液,乃至肺泡。“灰霾将取代吸烟,成为肺癌致病头号杀手”,吴兑说,肺癌死亡率从上世纪60年代至今上升了许多,但同时和肺癌密切相关的吸烟率却在下降。问题究竟出在哪?专家们发现,天空的能见度在急剧下降,灰霾天数急剧增加,由此可以推测,是不是肺癌死亡率和灰霾天气有一定的关系?吴兑所在的科研团队做了一个估算,把上个世纪60年代至今的气溶胶消光曲线图和肺癌死亡率的曲线图同时标出,判断气溶胶浓度增加之后7~8年,肺癌死亡率就会上升。
现已证实PM2.5不仅对呼吸系统有伤害,而且也会导致心血管病发生和恶化。在美国,健康风险评估与空气质量管理十分受到重视。来自美国加利福尼亚州南岸的空气质量管理局副局长刘中兴博士说,当某种病症如哮喘达到一定比例时,地方政府就要开始追查污染物的来源。“如果发现,这种情况是与空气中某种污染物质息息相关,政府就会要求产生此类污染物质的企业进行处理,直至达标。”
刘中兴博士说,这就是健康风险分析,大气中的颗粒物尤其是PM2.5与人体健康最密切相关。PM2.5的日均浓度和年均浓度到达一定数值,会增加死亡风险。
>>PM2.5什么时候有国标?
【预计2016年我国才会有PM2.5标准】
11月的一次国际气象会议上,环保部副部长张力军承认:按国标,目前全国70%的城市空气质量达标;如果增加PM2.5监测指数,则全国70%城市不达标。目前,国家环保部已经开始征求意见,拟将PM2.5纳入监测中。预计将于2016年首次在我国施行PM2.5国家限值标准。
“中国推荐采用WHO第一过渡时期目标值,也就是‘超细灰尘’的浓度在75微克/立方米”。吴兑说,眼下全球90%的国家没有公布PM2.5浓度限值,只有澳大利亚、新西兰、印度、日本、美国、加拿大等近十个国家颁布了PM2.5限值。“中国纳入PM2.5,还不能算迟”。而按世卫组织公布的三个过渡时期目标值阶段,通常每跨越一个阶段,都得付出至少3-5年艰苦治理。
>>治理灰霾要用多长时间?
【欧美用了足足50年,我国仍需30年】
吴兑说,“超细灰尘”的浓度从20微克/立方米增加到40微克/立方米,能见度大概会从40公里恶化到10公里。而从40微克/立方米增加到140微克/立方米,能见度也就恶化到六七公里。“所以,当我们现在反过头来治理,即使在经济上做出很大的牺牲,把140微克/立方米减少到100微克/立方米或80微克/立方米,能见度并没有出现好转。”只有治理到小于40微克/立方米,才能使能见度达到十几二十几公里。这也是美国和欧洲治理大气污染花费50年那么长时间的原因所在。
“我国不少城市的大气污染当然远远没有当年伦敦这些城市那么严重,但尽管政府治理力度很大,也得需要20至30年才能看到明显的成效。”吴兑说,我们必须充分认识到大气环境治理的艰巨性、特殊性和长期性。
2012/05/26
A more sustainable cloud through transparency & change
By Jason Currill, CEO Ospero May. 25, 2012, 12:00am PT 1 Comment
inShare
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Facebook’s Prineville data center.
As the world we live in continues to develop better technologies and new and exciting ways of communicating, our demand for energy grows. Data centers are the engines that drive our connected world, processing the billions of daily transactions, comments and interactions in our digital society. More data equals more energy – and this is starting to become a big headache from a sustainability perspective.
If a singular data center can consume the equivalent energy of 180,000 homes, exactly how large is the overall impact on our planet, and what is being done about it?
Data on energy & computing
Sourcing reliable figures on datacenter output and its effect on the world is difficult, due in part to the fast rate of growth as well as rapidly changing technology and business models. However, the main factor that defines a lack of accurate data has been the unwillingness of major IT brands to act transparently in their operations. Historically, cloud brands have not been willing to disclose information through fear of revealing competitive advantage or disadvantage in operations.
According to a 2007 report from iClimate on global e-sustainability, the world’s data centers and telecommunications networks used a combined electricity of 623 billion kWh. What does that number mean? Well, if the cloud were a country, it would have the fifth largest electricity demand in the world, sitting somewhere between India and Japan on the global energy consumption charts.
The report also indicates that cloud-serving data centers are responsible for 2 percent of the world’s annual CO2 emissions – a figure that has likely grown in the five years since the reports creation. Two percent may not sound like a massive amount, but when you consider how much the ecosystem of data has changed since 2007, that 2 percent could easily become 4 percent in a very short time frame.
The exponential growth in data consumption both at home with super-fast broadband and on the go with 3G and 4G data connections have meant that 2007’s figure really no longer applies. However Greenpeace’s 2010 report “Make IT Green,” predicts the demand for data center electricity will more than triple over the next five years, resulting in an energy demand totaling that of France, Germany, Canada and Brazil combined.
The largest culprit for the massive spike in data seen recently is the mobile industry. Mobile data traffic in 2011 was eight times the size of the entire internet in 2000. By the end of 2012 the number of connected devices is expected to exceed the global population. This mobile boom is largely down to large scale adoption in emerging markets. As of January 2012 India had 0ver 900 million mobile connections and could become the largest mobile market in the world in terms of revenue. As hardware costs fall and functionality increases, this adoption will only continue to rise, and the data serving providers need to expand to accommodate the increased demand.
Cell phone towers on the sky line of Old Delhi.
Location, location, location
So, what can cloud providers do about this mass demand for energy? The future of the industry and how it operates is largely down to 3 things; location, self sufficiency and transparency.
When choosing siting for a new data center, there are a number of considerations. There has to be an adequate availability of affordable electricity, telecommunications infrastructure as well as tax incentives, climate and proximity to end-users.
While many areas of the world can offer these considerations in abundance, the future of a green cloud is dependent on just two. Many cloud companies considering self hosted data are moving to cooler climes to make the most of the ‘free cooling’ benefits. Free cooling is the use of external air for hardware cooling.
Traditionally nearly half of a data center’s power consumption comes from cooling the rooms of servers that physically hold the data. These behemoth computers generate a massive amount of heat, and as such require constant chilling. By locating your data centre in an area of naturally low temperatures, such as the Nordic countries, providers can half their consumption by drawing in the chilled outside air. This shift is already starting to happen as providers find the financial benefits a driving force, and the green outcome an added perk.
The second consideration to location is positioning in relation to a renewable energy source. Many of the worlds largest data center’s are driven by coal and gas. This is classed as dirty energy, however a number of providers are making the move to sustainability through renewable energy
Facebook built its third major data center in Lulea, Sweden – a location chosen for the large amount of existing hydroelectric capacity at high availability. The data center is fully powered with renewable energy from an outer source.
The problem with the location fix is that a huge number of data centers already exist in areas that do not have access to renewable energy sources. For these providers, often their only choice for external power is coal. A growing number of cloud companies are taking matters into their own hands and creating their own source of energy.
The one thing a data center has going for it is size. If we take i/o Data Centers as an example, their facility in Phoenix, Arizona has an enormous 580,000 sq ft footprint that has allowed them to install 5,000 solar panels in an array that will generate a total of 4.5MW at peak capacity. Though this is just a fraction of the 100MW demand, the solar panels will be married with thermal storage technology to reduce the energy drain of cooling during the heat of the day.
Apple has recently announced a 20MW solar array and has also invested in a 5MW fuel cell device on site in Maiden, NC. The industry is starting to sit up and listen.
A company like Google, Amazon, Facebook or Apple has enormous clout in the areas they operate. These tech giants are big fish to the local utility firms, who will all be vying to supply them with power upon creation of new centers. By negotiating renewable energy with the utilities, corporations can begin to change the coal driven ecosystem and drive the industry towards a brighter future.
IT and cloud providers have a duty to research renewable energy sources and implement sustainable power solutions. As well as this duty to source green energy, they also have a duty to report on it. By releasing figures on energy output, full research can be engaged and better solutions and energy standards can be created.
The future of our technological advancement is no longer down to competition and advantage. Providers need to work together to create a better plan for our engorging power drain so that we have a future to enjoy the technology in.
Jason Currill is founder and CEO of Ospero, a global Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) company. The company, through a federated cloud strategy, has one of the largest ubiquitous, single vendor cloud platforms in the world. Before founding Ospero, Jason, a seasoned technology Executive with over 15 years international sales experience, worked with Cisco Systems, Business Objects (a SAP company) and NetSuite, in charge of both EMEA and NA territories. Prior to his career in IT, Jason worked on the London International Financial Futures Exchange (LIFFE) for almost 10 years as a Futures Trader.
Ospero’s distribution-as-a-service (DaaS) offering, helps business rollout global SaaS instances without vendors having to worry about legal compliance, latency issues and privacy headaches. All of Ospero’s data centers comply with the ISO 4001 standard. The company believes in green and has recently been praised by external assessors for the maturity of their environmental management systems. This article is written by Jason Currill, CEO of Ospero.
2012/03/05
黑工廠漸成職業病危害重災區
2012/3/5
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| 資料來源:中國人力資源開發網 http://www.chinahrd.net/news/info/200839 | |
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